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Antimicrobial surface
An antimicrobial surface contains an antimicrobial agent that inhibits or reduces the ability of microorganisms to grow〔 on the surface of a material. Such surfaces are becoming more widely investigated for possible use in various settings including clinics, industry, and even the home. The most common and most important use of antimicrobial coatings has been in the healthcare setting for sterilization of medical devices to prevent hospital associated infections, which have accounted for almost 100,000 deaths in the United States.〔 In addition to medical devices, linens and clothing can provide a suitable environment for many bacteria, fungi, and viruses to grow when in contact with the human body which allows for the transmission of infectious disease.〔
Antimicrobial surfaces are functionalized in a variety of different processes. A coating may be applied to a surface that has a chemical compound which is toxic to microorganism. Other surfaces may be functionalized by attaching a polymer, or polypeptide to its surface.〔
An innovation in antimicrobial surfaces is the discovery that copper and its alloys (brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper-nickel-zinc, and others) are natural antimicrobial materials that have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms.〔Antimicrobial properties of copper〕〔Antimicrobial copper touch surfaces〕 An abundance of peer-reviewed antimicrobial efficacy studies have been published regarding copper’s efficacy to destroy ''E. coli'' O157:H7, methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA), ''Staphylococcus'', ''Clostridium difficile'', influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi.〔(Copper Touch Surfaces )〕 For further information regarding efficacy studies, clinical studies (including U.S. Department of Defense clinical trials), United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registrations with public health claims for 355 Antimicrobial Copper (Cu+) alloys, and a list of EPA-registered antimicrobial copper products, see: Antimicrobial copper touch surfaces and Antimicrobial properties of copper.
Apart from the health industry, antimicrobial surfaces have been utilized for their ability to keep surfaces cleaned. Either the physical nature of the surface, or the chemical make up can be manipulated to create an environment which cannot be inhabited by microorganisms for a variety of different reasons. Photocatalytic materials have been used for their ability to kill many microorganisms and therefore can be used for self-cleaning surfaces as well as air cleaning, water purification, and antitumor activity.〔
==Antimicrobial Activity==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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